New FSC(FIRE SAFE CIGARETTES) Read at the Bottom of The List For Details Acetanisole, Acetic Acid, Acetoin, Acetophenone, 6Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, 2-Acetyl-5Methylfuran, Acetylpyrazine, 2-Acetylpyridine, 3-Acetylpyridine, 2Acetylthiazole, Aconitic Acid, dl-Alanine, Alfalfa Extract, Allspice
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Fire safe cigarettes (FSC) are cigarettes that are designed to
extinguish more quickly than standard cigarettes, if ignored, with the
intention of preventing accidental fires. "FSC" above the barcode
officially stands for Fire Standards Compliant (FSC). These
products are also known as Lower Ignition Propensity (LIP), Reduced Fire
Risk (RFR), self-extinguishing, fire-safe or Reduced Ignition
Propensity (RIP) cigarettes.
Fire safe cigarettes are produced by adding two bands or "speed
bumps" to the cigarette paper during manufacture in order to slow the
burn rate at the bands. Because this process decreases the burn rate and
does not prevent unattended cigarettes from igniting nearby materials
or tinder,
the term "fire-safe" has been called a misnomer
which could lead smokers to believe that these cigarettes are less
likely to cause fires than standard cigarettes.
Many materials can be used to make the bands in the paper, including
cellulosic or other polymeric materials. Different companies use
different materials (including thicker bands of paper) for the ‘speed
bumps’ in order to comply with regulations. Most commercial cigarette
papers in fact use cellulosic and alginate bands; however many patents
have been registered in the literature in relation to materials that
could be used to make the bands, including EVA polymer ethylene vinyl
acetate. When burned, the polymer of EVA becomes unstable, and the
health risks of inhalation are not known. EVA and PVA polyvinyl acetate
polymer adhesives have been used by the tobacco industry for many years
as outside packaging, and are the industry standards.
A similar quantity of PVA polymer is required to glue the paper seam
in a fire safe cigarette as in a standard cigarette.
EVA polymer must not be confused with the EVA monomer, which is a
reactive species with some toxic properties.
Responses
from tobacco companies
Philip Morris USA (PM) now actively
supports legislation.[1]
Philip Morris uses cigarette paper technology known as "banded
cigarette paper" to comply with the performance standard in the FSC
laws. This is created by applying bands to the cigarette paper using
ingredients already used in non-FSCs. Its FSCs are labeled with the term
“FSC” on the pack above the UPC code. The company has reported that the
widely-used adhesive polymers EVA and PVA are used as side-seam
adhesives in its cigarettes. Philip Morris USA does not distinguish
levels of use between regular and fire-safe cigarettes.[6]. However, the
amounts stated do not exceed 0.6% combined.
Some consumers claim they have found a noticeable difference in the
taste of FSC cigarettes from non-FSC cigarettes, comparing it to a
copper or metallic taste. Other symptoms reported include an itchy rash,
(allergic reaction), severe headache, vomiting, diarrhea and mouth
sores. Online petitions have been set up against FSC cigarettes in an
attempt to repeal the laws. [7]
Currently there are no findings published on the long term health
effects of humans inhaling EVA copolymers. Test results available,
conducted on rodents, clearly show the risks associated with 'Ethylene
Vinyl Acetate copolymer emulsion based adhesive' to be a 'highly
carcinogenic substance' triggering the cellular proliferation necessary
for tumor development.[8]
Rebecca Brooks from the Huffington Post wrote an article on March
31st 2010 titled 'Fire Safe Cigarette Laws: More Harm than Good'. An
excerpt from the article states, "When is it justifiable to penalize
many to possibly save a few? Cooking-related fires are the number one
cause of home fires. Should fire retardants be put in vegetable oil?
People probably shouldn't eat fried food anyway; maybe some would quit.
Irresponsible drivers kill innocent people. Should cars be banned?
As of January 1, 2010, the fire-safe cigarette law was in effect in
43 states. It has been signed into law and will become effective in in Nevada
and Ohio on
1 June 2010, in Mississippi on 1 July 2010, in North
Dakota on 1 August 2010, and in South
Dakota and Missouri on 1 January 2011. The remaining state, Wyoming,
has filed a bill that has not yet passed into legislation.[3]
State laws generally contain provisions permitting the sale of non-FSCs
that have been tax-stamped by wholesalers and retailers in the state
prior to the effective date of the state’s FSC law. The laws require
cigarettes to exhibit a greater likelihood of self-extinguishing using a
prescribed laboratory test method, E2187, developed by ASTM International (formerly, the American Society
for Testing & Materials). The E2187 standard is cited in U.S. state
legislation and is the basis for the fire-safe cigarette law in effect
in Canada. It is being considered for legislation in other countries.[4]
In 1929, a cigarette-ignited fire in Lowell, Massachusetts, caught the attention of U.S. CongresswomanEdith Nourse Rogers (D-MA);
she called for the National Bureau
of Standards (NBS) to develop technology for "self-snubbing"
cigarettes. The Boston Herald American covered
the story on 31 March 31 1932, noting that after three years of
research the NBS had developed a “self-snubbing” cigarette and had
suggested that cigarette manufacturers “take up the idea.” None did. [5]
In 1973 the United States Congress established the Consumer
Product Safety Commission[9] (CPSC) to protect the
public from hazardous products. Congress excluded tobacco
products from its jurisdiction while assigning it responsibility for
flammable fabrics.[6]
The CPSC regulated the flammability of mattresses[6]
and worked with furniture manufacturers to establish voluntary
flammability standards[7]
for upholstered furniture, although more recently those standards have
come to be considered mandatory.[6]
In 1978 Andrew McGuire, a burn survivor, activist and winner of a
1985 MacArthur Fellowship for his work
on the flammability of children's sleepwear, started a grassroots
campaign to prevent house fire deaths by changing the cigarette.[8]
McGuire secured funding for an investigation into cigarettes and fires
which became Cigarettes and Sofas: How the Tobacco Lobby Keeps the
Home Fires Burning.Massachusetts
congressman Joe Moakley introduced federal FSC legislation
in the autumn of 1979 after a cigarette fire in his district killed a
family of seven; California senator Alan
Cranston authored a matching Senate bill.
The US Tobacco Institute financed a fire
prevention education program at the same time as the campaign.[9][10][11]
In 1984 when New York was poised to pass a state bill a
compromise resulted in the Cigarette Safety Act, which funded a
three-year study under the auspices of the CPSC. This reported to
Congress in 1987 that it was technically feasible and maybe commercially
feasible to make a cigarette that was less likely to start fires.[12]
Legislative activity continued in the states while the federal
government, cigarette companies and advocates discussed next steps.
McGuire and colleagues continued to inform advocates about cigarette
fires and prevention strategies, legislation and liability.[13][14][15][16]
A compromise led to the US Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 1990. The
resulting study, while contentious, laid the groundwork for a
flammability test method for cigarettes.[17]
Federal efforts to implement a standard stalled, as the Reagan
and Bush administrations preferred free
markets to regulation. The grassroots campaign focused on state efforts.
McGuire continued to publish progress reports.[18][19][20]
In 2000, New York passed the first state law requiring that
cigarettes have a lower likelihood of starting a fire. By spring 2006
four more states had passed laws modeled on New York's: Vermont,
New Hampshire, California,
and Illinois.
McGuire published a campaign update.[21]
The National Fire Protection
Association[10] decided to fund the Fire Safe
Cigarette Coalition [11] to accelerate this
grassroots movement.
Since 1982, fifteen lawsuits have been filed regarding
cigarette-ignited fire deaths and injuries. The first successful lawsuit
resulted in a settlement for a toddler severely burned in car fire
allegedly caused by a cigarette.[22]
In November 2008, Citizens Against Fire-Safe Cigarettes started an
online petition, citing many of the known risks of these cigarettes and
advocating individual responsibility in preference to federal
regulation.[23]
Ethylene vinyl acetate (also known as EVA) is the copolymer of ethylene
and vinyl acetate. The weight percent vinyl acetate usually
varies from 10 to 40%, with the remainder being ethylene.
It is a polymer that approaches elastomeric
materials in softness and flexibility, yet can be processed like other thermoplastics.
The material has good clarity and gloss, barrier properties,
low-temperature toughness, stress-crack resistance, hot-melt adhesive
water proof properties, and resistance to UV radiation. EVA has little or no odor and is
competitive with rubber and vinyl
products in many electrical applications.
Hot melt adhesives, hot glue
sticks, are usually made from EVA, usually with additives like wax and resin. EVA
is also used as a clinginess-enhancing additive in plastic
wraps.
EVA is also used in biomedical engineering applications
as a drug delivery device. The polymer is dissolved in an
organic solvent (e.g., methylene chloride). Powdered drug and
filler (typically an inert sugar) are added to the liquid solution and
rapidly mixed to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The drug-filler-polymer
mixture is then cast into a mold at −80 °C and freeze dried until solid.
These devices are used in drug delivery research to slowly release a
compound over time. While the polymer is not biodegradable within the body, it is quite inert
and causes little or no reaction following implantation.
EVA is one of the materials popularly known as expanded rubber
or foam rubber. EVA foam is used as padding in equipment for various sports
such as ski boots, hockey, boxing, mixed martial arts, wakeboard boots, waterski boots, and fishing
rods. It is used for the manufacture of floats for commercial
fishing gear such as purse seine (seine
fishing) and gillnets. It is typically used
as a shock absorber in sports shoes, for example. In addition, because
of its buoyancy, EVA has made its way into non-traditional products such
as floating eyewear. It is also used in the photovoltaics industry as an encapsulation
material for silicon cells in the
manufacture of photovoltaic modules. EVA slippers and
sandals are nowadays very popular because of its properties like light
weight, easy to mold, odorless, glossy finish, and cheaper compared to
natural rubber. In fishing rods, it is used to construct handles on the
rod-butt end. EVA can be used as a substitute for cork
in many applications.
EVA emulsions are polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) copolymers based on vinyl acetate
(VAM) internally plastized with vinyl acetate ethylene (VAE). PVAc
copolymer are adhesives used in packaging, textile, bookbinding for
bonding plastic films, metal surfaces, coated paper.
EVA is used in orthotics, fire safe cigarettes(FSC),
surfboard and skimboard traction pads, and for the manufacturing of some
artificial flowers. It is also used as a clinginess-enhancing additive
in plastic wraps, a cold flow improver for diesel fuel and a separater
in HEPA filters. EVA can easily be cut from sheets and molded to shape.
It is also used to make thermoplastic mouthguards that soften in boiling
water for a user specific fit.
